Lee Westwood and Sama Mara

maybe you could play these videos to your students

a collaboration between a composer (Lee) and an artist and geometer (Sama): 
kaleidoscopic patterns, synchronised to a musical score

their work ('a hidden order') is to be found here

there is (static) art work as well as videos and other ways to explore generated patterns

several Vimeo videos explore their interpretation of the relationship between pattern and music including:

triangle ensemble
hexagon 1 ensemble
and, my favourite,
octagon 1 flute and marimba

thanks to J Mowl for bringing this to my attention

clapping patterns

Steve Reich's clapping music is quite an interesting application of structure to a simple rhythm

forwards add backwards